Frederick Stonehouse Several factors made the area a shipwreck alley for more than two centuries, until modern navigation and weather forecasting reduced the danger, said Stephanie Gandulla, the sanctuarys resource protection coordinator. The Lake Superior region is also home to many common native plant species, including Michigan's state tree, the white pine, and Flowering Rush, an aquatic plant that grows along the shoreline. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake on Earth by surface area, spanning a vast 31,700 square miles. We hope this discovery helps contribute to an element of closure to the extended families of those lost on the Ironton, and the communities impacted by its loss, Ballard said. The people are called Yoopers and many in the Keweenaw area are of Finnish and Welch descent. was founded in 1978 by a group of divers, teachers, and educators to commence exploration of historic shipwrecks in eastern Lake Superior . The continental crust was later riven, creating one of the deepest rifts in the world. Mary Carlin Dougherty It has a maximum length of 350 statute miles (560km; 300nmi) and maximum breadth of 160 statute miles (257km; 139nmi). The first European to see Lake Superior was probably the French explorer tienne Brl in 1622. The Ironton stayed afloat more than an hour before going down. An interesting plot might also include Native American myths such as the Windigo, a vengeful spirit. Lake Superior is 350 miles (563 km) long (east to west), and its greatest width is 160 miles (258 km) from north to south. The U.S. Coast Guard found the bodies of Kimberly. Thousands of schooners, or sailing ships, and hundreds of steamers hauled cargo and passengers between bustling port cities such as Chicago, Detroit and Cleveland. In the summer of 1985, Lake Superior reached its highest recorded level at 2.33 feet (0.71m) above datum. This rift lake in Siberia has a maximum depth of 5,371ft (1,637m). This means that deaths have been assigned to the area where the person lived (usually legal residence), regardless of where the death occurred. The marine chart shows depth and hydrology of Lake Superior on the map, which is located in the Wisconsin, Michigan, Ontario state (Burnett, Rainy River District, Algoma District). If North America Were Drained, Lake Superior Would Become the Third-Lowest Point. Lake Superior is 350 miles (563 km) long (east to west), and its greatest width is 160 miles (258 km) from north to south. Much of the coastal area is sparsely settled. Subsequently, iron was extracted from many parts of the Lake Superior district, including the Marquette Range in Michigan and the Mesabi Range in Minnesota. Bounded on the east and north by Ontario (Canada), on the west by Minnesota (U.S.), and on the south by Wisconsin and Michigan (U.S.), it discharges into Lake Huron at its eastern end via the St. Marys River. 3. [23] Water levels recovered within a few days. We started out going to Canada, it wa, Mr. David Lovell | From Dishwasher to President: Brian Daugherty of Grandmas Restaurants. [44] In 1918 the last warships to sink in the Great Lakes, French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles, vanished in a Lake Superior storm, perhaps upon striking the uncharted danger of the Superior Shoal in an otherwise deep part of the lake. The low water was a continuation of the dropping lake levels from the previous year, 1925, which set low-water records for October through December. SS Edmund Fitzgerald, 1975. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area[a] and the third-largest by volume, holding 10% of the world's surface fresh water. It very rarely freezes over completely. 9. Rip currents take swimmers unaware (if youre brave enough to put a toe in the icy water!) The first steamboat to run on the lake was the Independence in 1847, whereas the first steamers on the other Great Lakes began sailing in 1816. The late 1800s was a busy period for Great Lakes commerce. Newspapers quoted William Parry as saying he and two other Ironton sailors bobbed in the heaving lake for about 30 minutes until another steamer, the Charles Hebard, showed up. Duluth Parry struggled aboard as the Hebard lowered a lifeboat with several of its crew. Magma was injected between layers of sedimentary rock, forming diabase sills. NASA warns of 3 skyscraper-sized asteroids headed toward Earth this week. Books With 78 crewmembers dead, their sinking marked the largest loss of life on Lake Superior to date. As of July 28, 2019, the Great Lakes have had 51 fatalities from . The Ohio soon foundered, its crew of 16 rescued by the Moonlight. While the temperature of the surface of Lake Superior varies seasonally, the temperature below 110 fathoms (660 ft; 200 m) is an almost constant 39 F (4 C). Amethyst formed in some of the cavities created by the Midcontinent Rift, and there are several amethyst mines in the Thunder Bay area. By the mid-18th century, the Ojibwe occupied all of Lake Superior's shores.[39]. This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratified. This year's drownings on the Great Lakes are ahead of last year at this time, with Lake Michigan again having the most drownings. Worldwide Numbers. In gazing upon its surface, whether stretched out like a vast mirror, reflecting the varying tints of the sky, or ruffled by gently-curling waves, or lashed by the fury of the storm, the beholder is alike impressed with a feeling of the grand and the infinite." Others ranged northward to Lake Superior, fetching iron ore for steel mills from mines in Minnesota and Michigans Upper Peninsula. There is enough water in Lake Superior to cover all of North and South America with water one foot deep. 15. Lake Superior contains 2,900 cubic miles (12,100 km . Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Lloyd W. Krohn, 55, of Wyoming, Minnesota, was diving in a party of three on a charter SCUBA trip to the park operated by Isle Royale Charters, Inc. Lake Superior's size reduces the severity of the seasons of its humid continental climate (more typically seen in locations like Nova Scotia). [18], American limnologist J. Val Klump was the first person to reach the lowest depth of Lake Superior on July 30, 1985, as part of a scientific expedition, which at 122 fathoms 1 foot (733ft or 223m) below sea level is the second-lowest spot in the continental interior of the United States and the third-lowest spot in the interior of the North American continent after Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada (1,503 feet[458m] below sea level) and Iliamna Lake in Alaska (942 feet [287 m] below sea level). Other principal rivers entering the north shore are the Pigeon, Kaministikwia, Pic, White, and Michipicoten. Large cargo vessels called lake freighters, as well as smaller ocean-going freighters, transport these commodities across Lake Superior. [14], In the 17th century, the first French explorers approached the great inland sea by way of the Ottawa River and Lake Huron; they referred to their discovery as le lac suprieur (the upper lake, i.e., above Lake Huron). In the winter of 1926 Lake Superior reached its lowest recorded level at 1.58 feet (0.48m) below datum. Twice per year, however, the water column reaches a uniform temperature of 39F (4C) from top to bottom, and the lake waters thoroughly mix. The lake is so massive and its volume so large that, were it to be emptied at its current rate (with no compensating additions of water), it would take 191 years. Dive teams . Thankfully, they'll all miss. The vast forests make things like that nearly impossible. You can buy the delicious meat pie just about everywhere. The lake is about 160 miles (257 kilometers) wide and about 350 miles (563 km) long. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. In the winter there are ice volcanoes that look like an ordinary hill of snow, but inside is a hardened cone that erupts with a mixture of ice, water, and sleet. The retreat left gravel, sand, clay and boulder deposits. Marie "At the beginning of October, Lake Superior is (1.6 inches) below the long-term average water level (1918 - 2020) and (12.2 inches) below the level of a year ago," according to a new release . offers more than just a great physical settingthe people and food are unique and special too. Strong winds and high waves contributed to the deaths of two kayakers at Lake Superior following a two-day search, officials said. Isle Royale Lake Superior Contains Three Quadrillion Gallons of Water We were easily able to confirm that this claim is indeed true. [36], Lava erupted from the rift and formed the black basalt rock of Michipicoten Island, Black Bay Peninsula, and St. Ignace Island. The lake's lowest levels occur in March and April. This variation in temperature makes the lake seasonally stratified. 13. [46] Joe MacInnis reported that in July 1994, explorer Frederick Shannon's Expedition 94 to the wreck of Edmund Fitzgerald discovered a man's body near the port side of her pilothouse, not far from the open door, "fully clothed, wearing an orange life jacket, and lying face down in the sediment". Storms that claimed multiple ships include the Mataafa Storm in November 1905 and the Great Lakes Storm of 1913. Lake Superior Regional News ~ Northwestern and Northeastern Ontario. Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 19. Ifall the water were drained from North America, Lake Superior would be the lowest point of land on the continent. Official websites use .gov Seasonal hunting, sportfishing, and tourism form the basis for an important regional recreation industry. Tall Ships They attempted to assist him but were forced to send him to the surface alone after he became unconscious. And the Netflix drama "Ozark," which has its own high body count, films . (Though Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States and deeper than Lake Superior, Crater Lake's elevation is higher and consequently its deepest point is 4,229 feet (1,289m) above sea level. One fun fact about the area I discovered when visiting in the winter was that people have brightly colored balls or other items on their radio antennas to help their vehicle be seen above the snowdrifts. Changes in water levels are more noticeable from prevailing winds pushing water to the Eastern shore. The location of the shipwreck was unknown until sport divers located the wreck in 1977. Lake Superior continually shapes the Pictured Rocks shoreline. Sand Point Beach is widely accepted as one of the most beautiful and scenic beaches in Michigan. Its masts point skyward, with rigging and ropes tied to spars and lying on deck. Lake Superior empties into Lake Huron via the St. Marys River and the Soo Locks (Sault Ste. The principal islands in the lake are Isle Royale, a U.S. national park; the Apostle Islands, near the Wisconsin shore; Michipicoten, on the east side; and St. Ignace, near the mouth of the Nipigon River (Canada). Frequency of clerk visits and number of activity counts and interviews, by day type, cluster, shore area, and total area, for each cluster and day type in the 2021 Lake Superior summer creel survey. They were Algonquian peoples who hunted, fished and gathered berries. Lake Superior is, by surface area, the world's largest freshwater lake. The lake's average depth is 483 feet while its deepest point is 1,333 ft. Lake Superior holds 2,900 cubic miles of water which is enough to cover South and North America to a depth of 12 inches. The tragedy was memorialized by Gordon Lightfoot's classic folk song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald.". The man was found in the waters off Bay Mills Township following a search by boat of the area; Edmund Fitzgerald was battered so intensely by Lake Superior that the 729-foot (222m) ship split in half; her two pieces lie approximately 170 feet (52m) apart at a depth of 88 fathoms (530ft or 160m). Built in Lorain, Ohio, Cyprus was launched August 17, 1907, and was lost on her second voyage hauling iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin, to Buffalo, New York, with the sole survivor among her 23 crew being Charles G. Environment Authorities worked. Because of its large size (relative to watershed area) and the porous "dam" at its outlet, long-term lake-level fluctuations are much lower than in any of the other Great Lakesgenerally less than 1 yard (1 metre). Best Western Plus Superior Inn108 E Highway 61 PO Box 456, Grand Marais, Minnesota 55604-3130 United States. It called this because it is north of Lake Huron, which was discovered first by Brl. 4. Lab-grown minibrains will be used as 'biological hardware' to create new biocomputers, scientists propose, Ancient Roman 'spike defenses' made famous by Julius Caesar found in Germany, 'Building blocks of life' recovered from asteroid Ryugu are older than the solar system itself, New Moai statue that 'deified ancestors' found on Easter Island, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with checkout code 'LOVE5', Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. mi. Ghost Stories The Lake Mines 3 districts are: Portage Lake District; Keweenaw Point District; Ontonagon District; Including now the Marquette Iron Range Mines.. From 1855 to 1975 it is estimated there have been 2,000 mine related deaths for Keweenaw county, at . The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[31]. The Caspian Sea, while larger than Lake Superior in both surface area and volume, is brackish. Because of its volume, Lake Superior has a retention time of 191 years. Sled Dogs [40][41] Ice closes the lake shipping from mid-January to late March. The Objibways said that the lake was protected by Nanabijou, Spirit of the Deep Sea Water, according to the University of Wisconsin. Tweets by @lakesuperiormag !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],p=/^http:/.test(d.location)? According to other sources, the full Ojibwe name is Ojibwe Gichigami ("Ojibwe's Great Sea") or Anishinaabe Gichigami ("Anishinaabe's Great Sea"). Winter temperatures around the lake rarely fall below minus 30 F (minus 34 C), well above inland temperatures. ", 22. [25] In the summer of 2007 monthly historic lows were set; August at 0.66 feet (0.20m), September at 0.58 feet (0.18m). A local businessman had owned the tug since 1994 and was hoping to convert it into a bed and breakfast. Theirfocus isthe entire Lake Superior ecosystem - air, land and water to restore degraded areas and protect this unique headwater lake for the people and wildlife that use it. [15] The 1878 dictionary by Father Frederic Baraga, the first one written for the Ojibway language, gives the Ojibwe name as Otchipwe-kitchi-gami (a transliteration of Ojibwe Gichigami). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Do you have an interesting fact about Lake Superior that isn't listed here? LAKE SUPERIOR = 5. 17. [32] The water surface's slow reaction to temperature changes, seasonally ranging between 32 and 55F (013C) around 1970,[33] helps to moderate surrounding air temperatures in the summer (cooler with frequent sea breeze formations) and winter, and creates lake-effect snow in colder months. Sign up now to get stories, news, and travel tips, We will never spam you and will never share your e-mail. Lightfoot sings that "Superior, they said, never gives up her dead". Marquette Please click here to see any active alerts. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Review of Tuusulanjarvi (Lake Tuusula) Reviewed June 5, 2019 via mobile. The lake's outlet at St. Marys River has a relatively steep gradient with rapids. Theirfocus isthe entire Lake Superior ecosystem - air, land and water to restore degraded areas and protect this unique headwater lake for the people and wildlife that use it. Officials have kept the find secret to prevent divers from disturbing the site before video and photo documentation is finished. 04/18/2019 - John Doe, M-64, The U.S. Coast Guard has recovered the body of a missing fisherman in Lake Superior. The Ironton is yet another piece of the puzzle of Alpenas fascinating place in Americas history of trade, while the Thunder Bay sanctuary continues to reveal lost chapters of maritime history.. The bodies sink and dont float. Lake Superior is home to about 80 species of fish, including carp and varieties of trout, salmon and perch. Known as Lake Superior's hometown, Ashland is a small port city in the northern part of the state at the head of Chequamegon Bay. Most of the Superior basin is forested, with little agriculture because of a cool climate and poor soils. [16] After taking control of the region from the French in the 1760s following their defeat in the French and Indian War, the British anglicized the lake's name to Superior, "on account of its being superior in magnitude to any of the lakes on that vast continent".[17]. The harbour shared by Duluth (Minnesota) and Superior (Wisconsin) is a shipping point for iron ore, grain, and flour. Volume*: 2,900 cubic mi. [25] 2019 and 2020 set new high-water records in nearly every month. In addition, many fish species have been either intentionally or accidentally introduced to Lake Superior: Atlantic salmon, brown trout, carp, chinook salmon, coho salmon, freshwater drum, pink salmon, rainbow smelt, rainbow trout, round goby, ruffe, sea lamprey and white perch. Marie locks). Take a dive through one and all kinds of items are preserved. [33] Normally, bacteria decaying a sunken body will bloat it with gas, causing it to float to the surface after a few days. Although not in Minnesota waters, the sinking of the SS Edmund Fitzgerald is commemorated at Split Rock Lighthouse as a symbol of the lives lost from all Great Lakes shipwrecks. Mike Link More than 300 people who were. 12. The coastline of Lake Superior is picturesque, particularly the north shore, which is indented by deep bays backed by high cliffs. The average water temperature is 40 F (4.4 C) lower than the other Great Lakes, which are farther south. The lake's name comes from the French word lac suprieur, which means "upper lake." Weather Though presently isolated, prehistorically the Caspian has been repeatedly connected to and then isolated from the Mediterranean via the Black Sea. But the U.P. Surrounded by dense forests and relatively sparse populations, more than 80 species. Blog Home Uncategorized lake superior death toll. mi. It covers 82,000 sq km (31,700 sq mi) with an average depth of 147 metres or 483 feet. Its surface temperature has been going up, but with wild fluctuations. Clear water laps the shore at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. Land Drainage Area: 49,300 sq. Gale force winds up to 35 knots and waves occasionally reaching 7 feet proved too much for two kayakers at Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore who swamped in the rough water and died. Deadliest lakes in Texas Recently released state figures ranked Texas' deadliest lakes. Iron ore is exported from Taconite Harbor and Two Harbors (Minnesota) and from Marquette (Michigan). Lovett was 25 when he. BRASILIA, Brazil (AP) The death toll from an accident in which a slab of cliff rock toppled onto pleasure boaters on a Brazilian lake has risen to 10, police said Sunday. Duluth firefighters accompany the man surfer Darby Voeks rescued from Lake Superior on Wednesday, March 24, 2021. Archaeologists study things to learn about the past. The Kamloops is considered an expert dive due to the depths involved; most of the wreck lies below 200 feet. The shoreline measures 2,726 miles (4,385 km), according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Even for the Thunder Bay area, a perilous swath of northern Lake Huron off the Michigan coast that has devoured many a ship, the Irontons fate seems particularly cruel. (Image credit: ). Fish Lake Superior Circle Tour Zoom - The Heartbeat of Trees - Book Discussion, The Shipwreck Coast's Lost Whalebacks: The Story of Barge 129 and Sagamore, Fatal Diving Accident at Isle Royale; Kamloops Wreck Temporarily Closed, Around the Circle This Week: March 2, 2023, Around the Circle This Week: February 23, 2023, Around the Circle This Week: February 16, 2023, Around the Circle This Week: February 9, 2023, Around the Circle This Week: February 2, 2023, Lake Superior Journal: The Vanishing Act at Pebble Beach, From Dishwasher to President: Brian Daugherty of Grandmas Restaurants. French explorers, including Samuel de Champlain (circa 1567-1635) and his scout, tienne Brl (circa 1592-1632), arrived in the mid-1600s, according to the Canadian Museum of History. Thanks for sharing such a useful and informative content. There is ample bass-fishing both in the shallows and the lake's deep waters, while . Lake Superior Facts. The kayakers were reported missing Thursday evening at. They were bound for Marquette, a port city on Lake Superior. The mountains steadily eroded, depositing layers of sediments that compacted and became limestone, dolomite, taconite and the shale at Kakabeka Falls. Surfers enjoy the waves on Lake Superior, despite winter storm in Minnesota Tags Dcc Wire Cnn Latest video WA: TAKING PRECAUTIONS AMID RECORD COLD TEMPS CA: THOUSANDS WITHOUT POWER IN SANTA. The ship, a 250 foot Canadian package freighter, wrecked in a severe storm in December, 1927. Full Circle Superior Lake Superior is a vast fresh water resource that has not experienced the same levels of development, urbanization and pollution as the other Great Lakes. 20. Bob Sterner's University of Minnesota-Duluth lab pivoted nearly all of its research energy to Lake Superior's blue-green algae issue in 2018. Annual lake-level fluctuations are less than 12 inches (30 cm). And I just shiver at the lyrics about how the lake sings in its ice-room mansion. Marie, Michigan, and Sault Ste. Its been named one of the 100 most charming small towns in America for good reason. May 20, 2021; yats chipotle alexio recipe; workplace accident prevention strategies . This large lake has a hop on hop off bus service which goes around the whole lake the cost is 5 euros. The 191-foot (58-meter). The gravesite long eluded shipwreck hunters. The National Park Service on Saturday identified the two victims as Kimberly Aiello of Troy, Michigan, and David Delegato of Shelby Township, Michigan. Submit Yours, 2020 Lake Superior Publishing LLC. HOUGHTON, MI On Saturday, July 13, a recreational SCUBA diver exploring the Kamloops shipwreck at Isle Royale National Park was fatally injured in a diving accident. The southern shore of Lake Superior between Grand Marais, Michigan, and Whitefish Point is known as the "Graveyard of the Great Lakes;" more ships have been lost around the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior. On the fateful night, the Ironton and another schooner barge, the Moonlight, were being towed northward from the Lake Erie town of Ashtabula, Ohio, by a steam-powered ship a common practice then, much as a train engine pulls freight cars on a railroad. A favorite lunch is the ubiquitous pasty. And that lifeboat really connects you to the site and reminds you of how powerful the lakes are and what it must have been like to work on them and lose people on them.. [7][8][9] Lake Superior contains 2,900 cubicmiles (12,100km) of water. Biking Recognizing the unique qualities of this resource, the United States and Canada are working to restore and protect the Lake Superior Basin. His setting is Sault Ste Marie, known as the Soo. The weather was notoriously unstable dense fog, sudden storms. Lake Superior receives water from approximately 200 rivers, of which the largest are the Nipigon (from the north) and the St. Louis (from the west). Lake Superior has a surface area of 31,700 square miles (82,103km2),[7] which is approximately the size of South Carolina or Austria. 7. The study puts Lake Conroe at the top of the list with. The sanctuary area was something of a maritime highway cloverleaf. Lake Superior Shipwreck Map - Historically accurate shipwreck posters, of Lake Superior, 24 x 30 inches, shipped rolled in a tube. This is a result of the underdeveloped soils found in its relatively small watershed. Lidia Yuknavitch on Her Philosophy of Teaching, What Should You Read Next? [38], The Anishinaabe people, which includes the Ojibwe or Chippewa, have inhabited the Lake Superior region for over five hundred years and were preceded by the Dakota, Fox, Menominee, Nipigon, Noquet and Gros Ventres. The search and inspections involved a number of organizations, including Ocean Exploration Trust, founded by Robert Ballard, who located the sunken wreckage of the Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. Around the Circle This Week Wildlife Business and longshore currents can make it dangerous to swim near piers. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote this name as "Gitche Gumee" in the poem The Song of Hiawatha, as did Gordon Lightfoot in his song "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald". For comparison, the largest of the Great Lakes (Lake Superior) is only 25% as deep, with a maximum depth of 1,333ft (406m). History Blog Post GRAND PORTAGE, Minn. (FOX 9) - A St. Paul, Minnesota man's dismembered body was found in a tote and a bucket in Lake Superior over the weekend, according to charges filed last week. The Irontons captain and six sailors clambered into a lifeboat but it was dragged to the bottom before they could detach it from the ship. Her life . Kim Ann Zimmermann is a contributor to Live Science. It veered off course and ran into theOhio, a freighter loaded with 1,000 tons of flour,about 10 miles off Presque Isle, Michigan. Over 10,000 lives have been lost in her waters. From ice formations, to ice fishing and snowshoe trails, welcome to Algomas winter playground. Of that toll, November claimed an estimated 725 (56%) of the deaths. Lake Superior Journal An ancestor of mine lived there for a time in about, donna Creamore | Lake Superior Journal: The Vanishing Act at Pebble Beach, In 1976, I married my wife and we took a camping honeymoon. Jeffrey Val Klump was the first person to reach the deepest point of the lake on July 30, 1985. Ontario Since 2000, 156 people have died on state lakes. [7] The lake boasts a very small catchment to surface area ratio of 1.55, which indicates minimal terrestrial influence. 10. Additional reporting by Alina Bradford, Live Science Contributor. And Superior has been pounded by three 500-year to one 1,000-year storm events in the past eight years. These factsare in no particular order because they are all so interesting. After days of searching, it spotted a figure that later was confirmed as the Ironton. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world in area and the third largest in volume, behind Lake Baikal in Siberia and Lake Tanganyika in East Africa. Madison, Wisconsin News Public Safety The Ironton and the Moonlight disconnected their tow lines and drifted apart, with the Ironton crew setting sails and firing up its engine. Workshops, Charity & Fundraisers 2. Kids & Family [b] The shoreline of the lake stretches 2,726 miles (4,387km) (including islands). The Associated Press obtained details of the discovery ahead of the announcement. Lake Superior contains half of the water in all the Great Lakes. Other well-known islands include Madeline Island in Wisconsin, Michipicoten Island in Ontario, and Grand Island (the location of the Grand Island National Recreation Area) in Michigan. There are bears and wolves in the area too. There are thriving bookstores to explore and small shops to wander. Konnie LeMay Heres how it works.