During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? 48. 90. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. 101. 132. d. self-help therapy. 163. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. c. operant conditioning. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. We see this in the case of reflexes. a. humanistic Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. a. the humanistic-existential model b. the family-social perspective c. the cognitive model d. the psychodynamic model, 11. b. existential. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral . If the rat pushes the lever again sometime in the future and food is delivered, the behavior spontaneously recovers. a. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has not been able to help her get rid of them. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. d. cognitive-behavioral. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. 2.3.4.2. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. If you do not believe you do anything right, list evidence of when you did not do something right and then evidence of when you did. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? What about other students in the class that you know? Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? 57. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. c. tertiary prevention. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. David Rosenhan sent pseudopatients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. b. is not led by a professional clinician. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. 2.3.3.6. 39. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? a. humanistic therapy. Bacterial and viral infections. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partners departure and ways to save money. c. emphasize health. For operant conditioning, this means that if I make a behavior, then a specific consequence will follow. The pineal gland helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle while the thyroid gland regulates the bodys energy levels by controlling metabolism and the basal metabolic rate (BMR). 53. 102. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: The proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between devout religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that: people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. c. cognitive It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. a. modeling. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. b. develop depression even when not under stress. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. In this family, the children are also discouraged from asking for advice or seeking support. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. Module Overview. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: a. rationalization. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. d. unconscious feelings of loss. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. Which is an example of latent content? Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. c. unconditional positive regard. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? b. biological. 62. c. There is a decreasing need for couple therapy based on current divorce rates. 2.3.2.2. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. They protect us from anxiety and operate unconsciously by distorting reality. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. a. psychodynamic If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: In the 1960s and 1970s, social upheaval and soul-searching in Western society gave rise to humanistic and existential therapies. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? 133. d. object relations theory. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. Blaming You focus on someone else as the source of your negative feelings and do not take any responsibility for changing yourself. d. ego ideal. These medications fall under five major categories. c. feminist therapy. See Figure 2.4 below. c. phallic stage. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. b. early childhood trauma. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. 109. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. b. 156. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. They are sexual in nature. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. 2.3.1.3. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. A person engages in multiple online discussions with a large number of friends on Facebook. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. Second, the response is made, and a reinforcer is delivered. 120. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. These therapies have proven efficacy for the treatment of depression (Kalibatseva & Leong, 2014) and schizophrenia (Naeem et al., 2015). In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. Bertha (Anna O.) The greatest strength or appeal of the behavioral model is that its tenets are easily tested in the laboratory, unlike those of the psychodynamic model. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. b. superego. According to the behavioral model, Dontrall acquired this perspective through the process of: a. modeling. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. a. This is called the. c. ego. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. c. They explain outside influences and past events. d. classical conditioning. c. unconditional positive regard. Respondent conditioning. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. By pairing a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus (bell and food, respectively), the dog will learn that the bell ringing (NS) signals food coming (UCS) and salivate (UCR). Consider where students sit in a class. 117. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. The brain. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). Treatment starts with determining situations in which assertiveness is lacking and developing a hierarchy of assertiveness opportunities. 157. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. 40. However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 18. How so? b. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. d. sociocultural. Cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development of certain disorders. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. c. primary process thought. She published many short stories; a play called Womens Rights, in which she criticized the economic and sexual exploitation of women; and wrote a book in 1900 called The Jewish Problem in Galicia, in which she blamed the poverty of the Jews of Eastern Europe on their lack of education. In Banduras experiment, children were first brought into a room to watch a video of an adult playing nicely or aggressively with a Bobo doll, which provided a model. 131. Neural transmission. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The second part of personality emerges after birth with early formative experiences and is called the ego. Hmm. d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. When a doctor strikes your knee with that little hammer, your leg extends out automatically. Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. 72. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. 143. The answer is yes, and one of two outcomes is possible. c. neurotransmitters. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. 134. 144. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. b. family therapy. c. overgeneralization. 2.2.1.2. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. 65. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. Preconditioning. More specifically, cognitive distortions/maladaptive cognitions can take the following forms: 2.3.3.5. When it comes to other mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, research has not found differences in the ratesat whichmen and women experience these illnesses. d. psychotropic treatment. c. role-playing. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. b. exposure A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. d. brain circuits. Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . a. b. hypotheses. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. Hormonal imbalances. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. They are tied to experiences early in life. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. Figure 2.8. b. accepting problematic thoughts. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. c. rationalization. b. dendrites. a. 2.2.1.3. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. Which conclusion can be drawn from this finding? Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. d. countertransference. 2.3.1.4. Cognitive therapies. b. family structure and communication. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. sociocultural d. psychodynamic, 7. Its a simple strategy, but an important one. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. As such, he continues to steal her toys. 27. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. a. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? Though not neurons, glial cells play an important part in helping the nervous system to be the efficient machine that it is. a. 149. 2.2.3.3. b. multicultural. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. d. bipolar disorder. 146. It is difficult to research this perspective. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. A therapist pays close attention to what their client has to say and then makes an effort to show accurate empathy and sincerity in their responses. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013).
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