Schizoaffective disorder. There are two major types of schizoaffective disorder: bipolar type and depressive type. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. White matter integrity and lack of insight in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizoaffective disorder includes at least two of the above symptoms related to psychotic disorders and these DSM-5 criteria: A major mood episode (either major depression or mania) that lasts for an uninterrupted period of time. WebIn the DSM-5, the diagnosis of Schizoaffective Disorder can be made only if full Mood Disorder episodes have been present for the majority of the total active and residual Outline the classic clinical presentation of a patient with schizoaffective disorder. According to the DSM-5, the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is approximately 0.3% to 0.7%. Schizophrenia research. The British journal of psychiatry, 178(6), 506-517. 2007 Nov; [PubMed PMID: 18052560], Marneros A,Deister A,Rohde A, Psychopathological and social status of patients with affective, schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders after long-term course. When you live with schizoaffective disorder, you may experience symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder. Those symptoms, explained above, are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized or incoherent speaking, disorganized or unusual movements and negative symptoms. Schizoaffective disorder. Uc\X(05$rVOF !u6PVsl2z. >87z8HE_I^):6bH bd%. If you are worried about a friend or family member, you can also use an online screening tool to determine whether you need to take action to help your loved one. Schizophrenia bulletin. Research shows that 30% of cases occur between the ages of 25 and 35,and it occurs more frequently in women. Depending on the patient's presentation, additional investigations may be ordered, including: CBC, lipids, Urine Drug Screen, TSH, infectious causes (HIV/RPR). The schizoaffective disorder diagnosis: a conundrum in the clinical setting. These medications may include: In addition to medication, psychotherapy, also called talk therapy, may help. Markota M (expert opinion). Schizotypal personality disorder typically includes five or more of these signs and symptoms: Being a loner and lacking close friends outside of the immediate family Flat emotions or limited or inappropriate emotional responses Persistent and Delusions having false, fixed beliefs, despite evidence to the contrary, Hallucinations, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there, Impaired communication and speech, such as being incoherent, Symptoms of depression, such as feeling empty, sad or worthless, Periods of manic mood, with an increase in energy and a decreased need for sleep over several days, and behaviors that are out of character, Impaired occupational, academic and social functioning, Problems with managing personal care, including cleanliness and physical appearance, Having a close blood relative such as a parent or sibling who has schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, Stressful events that may trigger symptoms, Taking mind-altering drugs, which may worsen symptoms when an underlying disorder is present, Suicide, suicide attempts or suicidal thoughts. Sessions focus on everyday goals, social interactions, and conflict; this includes social skills training and vocational training. This podcast episode explore psychological resilience. In some cases, hospitalization may be needed. Steven Gans, MD, is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Accessed Sept. 5, 2019. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. Schizoaffective disorder. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. Here are the formal symptoms, what causes them, and how they're treated. Schizoaffective disorder. Many women find this question, Every woman on earth has fantasized about some explicit sexual fantasy that she may or may not have been too ashamed to talk about. Ftt{^`2\!g/u When someone is experiencing both psychotic and mood symptoms, it can be difficult to determine what he or she is truly experiencing. There are two changes in the criteria for bipolar I disorder in DSM-5. Family and/or group therapy: Family involvement is crucial in the treatment of this schizoaffective disorder. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. WebDSM-5 Criteria: Major Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Episode: F Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or avolition. American Psychiatric Association; 2013. https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. CNS drugs. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. However, a major mood episode (depression or mania) is present for the majority of the total duration of the illness. Marneros, A., Deister, A., & Rohde, A. (2020). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 369-371. Many other mental disorders have symptoms like delusions or obsessions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. Delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the absence of a major mood episode (depressive or manic) during the lifetime duration of the illness. Schizophrenia Research, 128(1-3), 76-82. [3]The pathogenesis of both mood disorders and schizophrenia is multifactorial and covers a range of risk factors, including genetics, social factors, trauma, and stress. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Living with schizoaffective disorder can be challenging, but the condition is treatable, and you can manage symptoms with the help of a professional. An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode (depressive or manic) concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia. Schizoaffective disorder (adult). MICROGEN IMAGES / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images. [18], Mood-stabilizers: Patients who have periods of distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, a flight of ideas, increased goal-directed activity, decreased need for sleep, and who are hyper-verbal fall under the bipolar-specifier for schizoaffective disorder. Researchers are still working to fully understand the condition. Mental Health America, a nonprofit organization dedicated to addressing the needs of those living with a mental illness, offers a psychosis test you can take at home. The DSM-IV-TR is the manual that contains the criteria doctors use to make diagnoses of mental illnesses. Schizoaffective disorder is a lifelong mental health condition characterized by a combination of symptoms of psychosis and symptoms of mood disorders. Schizoaffective is relatively rare, with a lifetime prevalence of only0.3%. 2002; [PubMed PMID: 12137621], Koenig AM,Thase ME, First-line pharmacotherapies for depression - what is the best choice? Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence). Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition, Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter Digital Edition. Some people mistakenly think schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are the same condition. In contrast, schizoaffective requires at least 2 weeks in which there are only psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) without mood symptoms. Disorganized thinking. Bipolar Disorder and Schizoaffective Disorder: Similar to the contrastsof MDD w/ PF, patients with bipolar disorder with psychotic features only experience psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations) during a manic episode. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. WebCritics have described the DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia as an evolution, not a break-through.11,12 The DSM-IV criteria for schizophre- Schizoaffective Disorder Schizoaffective disorder was considered for re-moval from DSM-5, in favor of a dimensional ap- The following are specifiers based on the primary mood episode as part of the presentation. If one finds that the patient has always had mood symptoms during their entire illness, the diagnosis by definition is not a schizoaffective disorder. Again, schizoaffective requires a period of at least 2 weeks in which there are only psychotic symptoms without mood symptoms. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry. Having Both (Comorbid) Schizophrenia and Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dj Vu: Definition, Causes, Risk Factors and Treatment, How Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Differ. Schizoaffective disorder is among the most frequently misdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in clinical practice. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. A podcast discussing how a schizophrenia diagnosis can dramatically change the dynamics of a family. NAMI This disorder lar, Magical thinking, eccentricities, and difficulty keeping relationships are 3 of 9 formal symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder, a condition. Schizotypal, schizoid, or paranoid personality disorder. First, a person with mania must show elated or irritable mood or both and increased energy or activity, which modestly tightens the criteria for a manic episode. Journal of affective disorders. https://www.mentalhealth.gov/talk/friends-family-members. This activity describes limitations and challenges related to the diagnostic criteria and highlights the interprofessional team's role in caring for patients with psychiatric disorders. The bipolar type is diagnosed if the disturbance includes a manic or a mixed episode (or a manic or a mixed episode and major depressive episodes). BMC psychiatry. Schizoaffective Disorder Prognosis: Will I Ever Get Better? AskMayoExpert. Symptoms that meet the criteria for mood episodes are present for a substantial portion of the total active and residual periods of illness. An uninterrupted duration of illness during which there is a major mood episode (manic or hMoGS 9@iM@u@%(d:P -ZY_Pw\-.0R]H^[{Q"r"9\d]JTwEpj(jxLe5KDK}s)&%/&>WaKV\/@pje2\W*;cId75I^\A,Z\ .K$Ty< Schizoaffective disorder and depressive or bipolar disorder with psychotic features have been ruled out because either (1) no major depressive, manic, or mixed episodes have occurred concurrently with the active-phase symptoms or (2) any mood episodes that have occurred during active-phase symptoms have been present for a "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. [9]Also, white matter abnormalities in multiple areas of the brain, particularly the right lentiform nucleus, left temporal gyrus, and right precuneus, are associated with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Delusions or hallucinations for two or more consecutive weeks without mood symptoms sometime 2014 1;90(11):775-82. Additionally, the diagnostic entity of schizoaffective disorder has very poor inter-rater reliability between clinicians. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). This loose definition was more common in the past, and schizophrenia was often overdiagnosed as a result. Schizoaffective disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a major mood episode (either manic or depressive) that co-occurs at the same time with symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms can be managed, however. 171 0 obj <>stream Depression of mood is usually accompanied by several characteristic depressive symptoms or behavioural abnormalities such as retardation, insomnia, loss of energy, appetite or weight, reduction of normal interests, impairment of concentration, guilt, feelings of hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? 2000 Oct [PubMed PMID: 11001235], Dietrich DE,Kropp S,Emrich HM, [Oxcarbazepine in the treatment of affective and schizoaffective disorders]. Its possible to live a functional life with schizoaffective disorder. WebSymptom criteria changes: Schizophrenia: Criterion A lists the five key symptoms of psychotic disorders: 1) delusions, 2) hallucinations, 3) disorganized speech, 4) disorganized or catatonic behavior, and 5) negative symptoms. Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. 1900 S. Norfolk St., Suite 350, San Mateo, CA 94403 The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. What are the alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting? MentalHealth.gov. Depressive type: includes only major depressive episodes. For adults with schizoaffective disorder who do not respond to psychotherapy or medications, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be considered. Diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder involves ruling out other mental health disorders and concluding that symptoms are not due to substance use, medication Consider the use of mood-stabilizers if the patient has a history of manic or hypomanic symptoms. WebSchizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized primarily by symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions, and symptoms of a Accessed Sept. 5, 2019. Make a donation. 2010 Nov; [PubMed PMID: 20923923], Suominen K,Isomets E,Heil H,Lnnqvist J,Henriksson M, General hospital suicides--a psychological autopsy study in Finland. Help is available right now: American Psychiatric Association. Malaspina D,Owen MJ,Heckers S,Tandon R,Bustillo J,Schultz S,Barch DM,Gaebel W,Gur RE,Tsuang M,Van Os J,Carpenter W, Schizoaffective Disorder in the DSM-5. Talk of suicide or suicidal behavior may occur in someone with schizoaffective disorder. The specific DSM-5 criteria for schizoaffective disorder are as follows[1]: A. Schizoaffective disorder is one of the most misdiagnosed psychiatric disorders in clinical practice. Your doctor is likely to ask several questions, such as: Be ready to answer these questions so you'll have time to go over any other points you want to focus on. WebThe DSM -5 describes Schizophrenia in terms of a severe, chronic, and potentially disabling thought disorder. In general, doctors prescribe medications for schizoaffective disorder to relieve psychotic symptoms, stabilize mood and treat depression. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/schizoaffective-disorder. Untreated schizoaffective disorder may lead to problems functioning at work, at school and in social situations, causing loneliness and trouble holding down a job or attending school. Drugs. Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? Accessed Sept. 19, 2019. Accessed Sept. 5, 2019. 2009 Aug; [PubMed PMID: 19585288], Pharoah FM,Rathbone J,Mari JJ,Streiner D, Family intervention for schizophrenia. Antipsychotics include but are not limited to paliperidone (FDA approved for schizoaffective disorder), risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, and haloperidol. Accessed Sept. 19, 2019. You might also experience recurring episodes of mania or depression with or without hallucinations or delusions. The Law Office of Gretchen J. Kenney assists clients with Elder Law, including Long-Term Care Planning for Medi-Cal and Veterans Pension (Aid & Attendance) Benefits, Estate Planning, Probate, Trust Administration, and Conservatorships in the San Francisco Bay Area. To be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder a person must have the following symptoms. Early detection of mental disorder in the primary care setting, Referral to a psychiatrist for further evaluation, A psychiatrist would stabilize the patient with pharmacotherapy or defer to a clinical psychologist for diagnosis or additional therapy, If the patient requires inpatient hospitalization, the nursing staff and case management become crucial in providing optimal patient care, Feel free to get in touch with us and send a message. Understand Schizophrenia Coping Techniques and Learning Helpful vs. Symptoms of psychosis, however, often require immediate medical intervention. MentalHealth.gov. These include unemployment, isolation, impaired ability to care for self, etc. Criterion A for schizophrenia is as follows[13]: Two or more of the following presentations, each present for a significant amount of time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). Delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode. What Are Disorganized Symptoms of Schizophrenia? In other words, theyre affective disorders or conditions that impact how you feel. DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria Criterion A An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major mood episode ( depressive or manic) concurrent with The primary care companion for CNS disorders. In addition to what the information alluded to in previous sections, psychotherapy strongly influences medication compliance. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82(5), 352-358. A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting for at least 4 consecutive days and present for most of the day, nearly everyday Mood disturbance An episode of hypomania that involves psychosis automatically meets the criteria for mania. - a drug of abuse, a medication) or another medical condition. Drugs. [2]There were significant concerns regarding the reliability and utility of the diagnosis when it was first introduced in the DSM. However, investigating the potential causes of mood disorders and schizophrenia as individual disorders allows for further discussion. Signs and symptoms of schizoaffective disorder, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Schizoaffective disorder has its own diagnostic criteria and list of specific symptoms, even though its categorized under schizophrenia spectrum. To do so, you need to get an official diagnosis of schizophrenia first. Supportive group programs can also help if the patient has been in social isolation and provides a sense of shared experiences among participants. Symptoms of schizophrenia usually first appear in early adulthood. Wy TJP, et al. [4], Although schizoaffective disorder is a diagnosis in the DSM-5, its validity as a diagnosis remains under debate. All Rights Reserved. Mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder mainly affect your emotional expression and regulation. Criterion A requires having an uninterrupted period of illness, during which there is either an episode of major depression or of mania concurrent with meeting DSM-5 criterion A for schizophrenia (and with the latter able to be met not only by psychotic symptoms but also by negative symptoms, such as diminished emotional expression or Determining a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder may include: People with schizoaffective disorder generally respond best to a combination of medications, psychotherapy and life skills training. Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization. Duration of symptoms and effects. Do not "fill in blanks" with preconceived notions about the patient's history. Although the development and course of schizoaffective disorder may vary, defining features include a major mood episode (depressed or manic mood) and at least a two-week period of psychotic symptoms when a major mood episode is not present. Your doctor or mental health professional may use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association. National Alliance on Mental Illness. For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Schizoaffective disorder is a prototypic boundary condition that epitomizes the pitfalls of the current categorical classification system and should be omitted in future revisions of DSM, allowing the development of meaningful nomenclature that rests upon further rigorous investigation of differences and similarities between disorders. Print or take a photo of your results, regardless of outcome, so you can discuss with your healthcare provider and get appropriate feedback.. Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health disorder that is marked by a combination of schizophrenia symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania. Arlington, VA 22203, NAMI Required Disclosures For Written Solicitations. In young people who develop schizophrenia, this stage of the disorder is called the prodromal period. If necessary, get appropriate treatment for a substance use problem. Mr. Ando was diagnosed with. Diagnosticand statisticalmanualof mental disorders (5th ed.). Psychotic disorder due to another disease or its treatment. [27]This treatment plan includes education about the disorder, etiology, and treatment. https://www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-conditions/schizoaffective-disorder. What Are the Different Types of Schizophrenia? European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 264(1), 29-34. You can remain anonymous while taking this test. Read on to learn more about what it takes to diagnose schizophrenia. 2. By Michelle Pugle History-taking is an essential skill necessary for all clinicians; it is even more imperative in psychiatry. Tools that may help measure the severity of schizoaffective disorder are those typically associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Criteria for schizophrenia must be met in every case, even if temporarily. trustworthy health information: verify They must also rule out any other medical and psychiatric diagnoses that could be causing your symptoms. How Long Should People With Schizophrenia Take Antipsychotic Drugs? Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. Accessed Sept. 19, 2019. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(5), 421-426. Whether it's your girlfriend or your wife, this top ten, Rape victim stories can be very difficult to read, frightening and emotionally draining for some but stories of rape show other victims that they are not alone in their struggles. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia-and-related-disorders/schizoaffective-disorder. This content does not have an Arabic version. These can worsen schizoaffective symptoms or interfere with medications. Take what the patient tells you and what family/collateral information tells you when working through a differential. Participants with schizophrenia met DSM-IV/DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, were psychiatrically stable at the time of the interview (total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia [PANSS] score <70), had no hospitalizations in the 3 months before enrollment, and were maintained on [15]Prior to initiating treatment, if a patient with schizoaffective disorder is a danger to themselves or others, inpatient hospitalization should be considered; this includes patients who are neglecting activities of daily living or those who are disabled well below their baseline in terms of functioning. Inside Schizophrenia Podcast: Managing Family Dynamics. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej. Schizoaffective disorder is treated and managed in several ways: A person with schizoaffective disorder may have additional mental health conditions: Copyright 2023 NAMI. Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition characterized primarily by symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions, and symptoms of a mood disorder, such as mania and depression. There are limited studies on the prevalence of schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. ), Major depressive disorder with psychotic features, Encourage the patient to undergo treatment and rehabilitation, Interventions for drug and alcohol misuse, Teach them skills and measures that promote self-care and independence. A broader definition of psychosis would also include disorganized thought, emotions, and behaviour. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology. Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) as involving the presence of both This is because when you look at the dominant symptoms, schizoaffective disorder may resemble schizophrenia more than it does depressive or bipolar disorders. [2]A few considerations when working through the differential diagnosis include: As with most mental disorders, schizoaffective disorder is best managed by an interprofessional team including psychiatric specialty nurses and pharmacists, and clinicians that practice close interprofessional communication. DSM-5-TR, those criteria have been changed as follows: For Bipolar I disorder . At Individual therapy: This type of treatment aims to normalize thought processes and better help the patient understand the disorder and reduce symptoms. Read our, Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Symptoms, Causes, Risks, Early Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia. WebDSM-5 ICD-10 Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type 295.30 F20.0 Undifferentiated Type 295.90 F20.3 Schizophrenia, Residual Type 295.60 F20.5 Schizoaffective Disorder 295.70 F25.0 Schizoaffective Disorder Depressive Type 295.70 F25.1 Delusional Disorder 297.1 F22 Functioning Impairment Criteria Must meet two of the following: The abuse of drugs or a medication are not responsible for the symptoms. Once the psychotic symptoms predominate the majority of the total duration of the illness, the diagnosis leans towards schizophrenia. The first step in evaluation is obtaining a complete medical history while focusing on the diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder. ECT is usually a last resort treatment. [6] This construct emerged from the Kraepelin's dichotomy of separating psychotic disorders and mood disorders, and as a middle ground diagnosis between schizophrenia and mood disorders. Physical health conditions also can present in similar ways as schizophrenia. Thats the main difference. How are you functioning in daily life are you eating regularly, bathing regularly, going to work, school or social activities? Retrieved European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience. BBC Documentary producer and historian Victoria Shepherd on how delusions have manifested throughout history on this episode of Inside Mental Health. https://www.mentalhealth.gov/talk/friends-family-members. Neuroimaging is indicated if there are any neurological deficits. Signs of a Gay Husband, Rape Victim Stories: Real Stories of Being Raped, How Do I Know If I Am Gay? WebIn the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, an effort is made to improve reliability of this condition by providing more specific criteria and the concept of Schizoaffective Disorder shifts from an episode diagnosis in DSM-IV to a life-course of the illness in DSM-5. In fact, some people, including many medical experts, believe the symptoms of the disorder make it a subtype of schizophrenia. 2008 Dec [PubMed PMID: 19337453], Azorin JM,Kaladjian A,Fakra E, [Current issues on schizoaffective disorder]. Do schizoaffective disorders exist at all?. The next step of evaluation is the objective and physical portion. 2016; doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0551-x. [5], The diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder have been reworded and addended since its inclusion in the DSM, making it difficult to subsequently conduct appropriate epidemiological studies. Parker G. (2019). Delusions or hallucinations for 2 or more weeks, which must be in. A critical review of the literature. Some studies show that as many as 5% of people with a psychotic illness will commit suicide over their lifetime. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie. Accessed Sept. 19, 2019. 2023 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Some studies have shown that abnormalities in dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin may play a role. However, some elect to includeadditional tests orimagingto aid in the diagnosis, such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), EEG (electroencephalography), or CT (computed tomography). Time frames often give clues towards one specific diagnosis. Schizoaffective disorder may involve symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, mania, depression, and disorganized thinking.
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