public broadcasting in the united states quizlet public broadcasting in the united states quizlet

For additional information about the rule concerning lotteries, see https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and-solicitation-funds. During the 2016 campaign, Hillary Clinton received ________ amount of media coverage as Donald Trump Much of the national news that is published in local newspapers is provided by ________. However, as public trustees, broadcast licensees may not intentionally distort the news. Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau As directed by Congress in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC has adopted rules requiring closed captioning of most, but not all, television programming. Lotteries conducted as a promotional activity by commercial organizations that are clearly occasional and ancillary to the primary business of that organization, as long as the lotteries are authorized or not otherwise prohibited by the state in which they are conducted. In response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875, the Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination rather than state of discrimination. It is not a comprehensive or controlling statement of the FCCs broadcast rules and policies. For additional information about the sponsorship identification and payola rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fccs-payola-rules. Comprehensive studies by the Government Accountability Office and other organizations have concluded that private financing would not be universally available to public television and radio stations in less densely populated areas to sufficiently replace taxpayer funding that makes up 40% to 50% of the annual budgets of some stations, and ensure universal access to public broadcasting services. Must-Carry or Retransmission Consent Elections Soliciting Funds For example, stations should provide the complaining party with diagrams and descriptions that explain how and where to use radio frequency chokes, ferrite cores, filters, and/or shielded cable. The fastest and easiest way to file a complaint containing this information is to use the FCCs electronic complaint form at https://esupport.fcc.gov/complaints.htm. EEO public file reports are not created on FCC forms and therefore are not filed in CDBS or LMS on forms of their own, but a stations two most recent public file reports are filed as attachments when a station files Form 396. Sponsorship Identification. Inlight of the widespread concern about obscene, indecent, profane, violent, or otherwise objectionable programming, in 1996 Congress passed a law to require TV sets with screens 13 inches or larger to be equipped with a V-Chip a device that allows parents to program their sets to block TV programming that carries a certain rating. [2] Donations are widely dispersed to stations and producers, giving the system a resilience and broad base of support but diffusing authority and impeding decisive change and priority-setting.[3]. Additional information about the audio description requirements can be found on our website at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/audio-description. Relying upon the reasoning in that decision, the FCC and the United States Department of Justice later concluded that the lottery advertising prohibition may not constitutionally be applied to the broadcast of any truthful advertisements for lawful casino gambling, whether or not the state in which the broadcasting station is located permits casino gambling. Commercial TV broadcasters must maintain records to verify compliance with commercial time limits and make these records available for public inspection. Renewal Applications Which of the following is an example of a public broadcasting organization? Renewal applications are due on a staggered basis depending upon the state in which the station is licensed. https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/recording-telephone-conversations, https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-television, https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-delivered-using-internet-protocol-ip, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/audio-description, Accessibility of Emergency Information on Television, https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides, https://licensing.fcc.gov/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/eeo_search.htm, https:/enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/lmsDatabase.html, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/eeo-rules-and-policies-radio-and-broadcast-and-non-broadcast-tv, https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/fccs-payola-rules, https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/nature-of-educational-broadcasting. [18], In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. Should you have questions about how to do so, including inquiries about our complaint or petitioning procedures -or the filing and status of the license renewal, modification or assignment or transfer application for a particular station -- you can contact one of our Broadcast Information Specialists by calling or sending an e-mail as follows: If your question relates to a radio station: The FCC was vested with broader regulatory authority that included all radiotelephone activity, including the newly developing broadcast media FM radio and television, and added interstate telegraph and telephone communication (which had previously been under the control of the Interstate Commerce Commission) and wire and wireless common carrier Since 2000, all sets manufactured with screens 13 inches or larger must contain the V-Chip technology. All of the Title 47 rules can be found on the Government Printing Offices website, https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47. This revenue for local public radio comes from a range of streams, but individual giving (which includes member revenue and major gifts) and underwriting (from businesses and foundations as well as other nonprofit organizations) are two key sources of funding. In the case of advertisements for commercial products or services, it is sufficient for a station to announce the sponsor's corporate or trade name, or the name of the sponsor's product (where it is clear that the mention of the product constitutes a sponsorship identification). Independent services include Create, an American Public Television-operated network featuring how-to, home and garden, cooking and travel programs; MHz Worldview, a network owned by MHz Networks, which carries international dramatic series (particularly crime drama), news programs and documentaries; and World, a joint venture of American Public Television, WNET, the WGBH Educational Foundation and the National Educational Telecommunications Association that broadcasts science, nature, news, public affairs and documentary programs. Program-by-program funding creates the potential for conflict-of-interest situations, which must be weighed program by program under standards such as the guidelines established by PBS. News and public affairs programs include PBS NewsHour, Frontline, and Washington Week. Each commercial and noncommercial station also must maintain a public inspection file on the FCCs website https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/ that contains these reports, as well as other materials pertaining to the stations operations and dealings with the FCC and with the community it is licensed to serve. A. Additional information about the contest rule can be found at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/broadcasting-contests-lotteries-and-solicitation-funds. Effective technical assistance does not mean referring the complainant to the equipment manufacturer. The FCC wants you to become involved. Closed captioning is hidden as encoded data transmitted within the television signal. Between the call letters and its community, the station may insert the name of the licensee, the stations channel number, and/or its frequency. High-minded anxieties did little to thwart the public's embrace of broadcasting. Phone: (202) 418-1600 If a station airs a disclaimer before the broadcast that clearly characterizes the program as fiction and the disclaimer is presented in a reasonable manner under the circumstances, the program is presumed not to pose foreseeable public harm. Revised September 2021 A PDF version of this document is available HERE. WTTW How Hip Hop Changed the World Fight the Power Hip Hop is adopted as the voice of protest around the world. All FCC Notices are included in the Commissions Daily Digest and posted on our website at https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. These restrictions are discussed below. President ______ appointed the first President's Commission on Civil Rights in ______. Lastly, this Manual is intended only as a general overview of the Commissions broadcast regulations. Contour Maps Access to Emergency Information Digital Radio For additional information concerning this requirement, see https://www.fcc.gov/television-and-set-top-box-controls-menus-program-guides. Phone: (20) 418-2700 If the licensee does not satisfactorily resolve the problem, you can mail or email a complaint to the Commission as follows: Your complaint should include: 1) your name, address, and phone number; 2) the call letters of each station involved; 3) each location at which the interference occurs; and 4) each specific device receiving the interference. The Constitutions protection of free speech includes programming that may be objectionable to many viewers or listeners. An average person, applying contemporary community standards, must find that the material, as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; The material must depict or describe, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable law; and. If you do not file an on-line complaint at https://consumercomplaints.fcc.gov/hc/en-us, at a minimum your complaint should indicate: (1) the call letters of the station; (2) the city and state in which the station is located; (3) the name, time, and date of the specific program or advertisement in question, if applicable; (4) the name of anyone contacted at the station, if applicable; and (5) a statement of the problem, as specific as possible, together with an audio or video tape, CD, DVD or other recording or transcript of the program or advertisement that is the subject of your complaint (if possible). protect former slaves from discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and theaters. NET's constant need for additional funding led the Ford Foundation to begin withdrawing its financial support of the network in 1966, shouldering much of the responsibility for providing revenue for NET onto its affiliated stations, prior to the foundation of the CPB, which intended to create its own public television service. Introduction In addition to adopting rules, we establish broadcast regulatory policies through the individual cases that we decide, such as those involving license renewals, station sales, and complaints about violations of Commission rules. To ensure that parents and other interested parties are informed of the educational and informational childrens programming their area stations offer, commercial television licensees must identify each program specifically designed to educate and inform children by displaying the icon E/I throughout the program. Commercial television broadcast licensees must limit the amount of commercial matter that may be aired during childrens programs to not more than 10.5 minutes per hour on weekends and not more than 12 minutes per hour on weekdays. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to. To receive the digital signals of stations that choose to operate in digital, consumers will have to purchase new receivers. Send notices of openings to organizations in the community that are involved in employment if the organization requests such notices; and. This assistance entails providing specific details about proper corrective measures to resolve the blanketing interference. This fact sheet was compiled by Senior Researcher Michael Barthel and Research Assistant Kirsten Worden. Hoaxes The U.S. government operates some limited direct broadcasting services, but all are either highly specialized (and, since the dawn of the millennium, automated) information services (WWV/WWVH time service, NOAA Weather Radio) or targeted at foreign audiences like Voice of America. [citation needed], University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, National Association of Educational Broadcasters, a special band reserved for such broadcasts, "Alternative Sources of Funding for Public Broadcasting Stations", "Guidelines for programs distributed by PBS", "America needs public broadcasting, and arts and humanities agencies", "PBS and NPR are ready to fight budget cuts -- again", "Corporation For Public Broadcasting: Reported Trump Privatization Plan Would Be "Devastating" To Public Media", UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration, "Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, 73.501 Channels available for assignment", "Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, 73.513 Noncommercial educational FM stations operating on unreserved channels", "About Us: 50 Years of HoustonPBS History", "How Public Radio Scotch-Taped Its Way Into Public Broadcasting Act", "Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service", "PBS discount plan a 'no-brainer' for WLVT", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting_in_the_United_States&oldid=1103978631, This page was last edited on 11 August 2022, at 22:21. The Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) that racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts. Program and production expenses for the 123 news-oriented local public radio licensees was $500 million in 2019, compared with $487.9 million in 2018. To be obscene, the material must have all of the following three characteristics: Indecent Material. While the intention of the act was to develop public television and radio, a revision of the bill had removed all mention of radio from the original text; Michigan Senator Robert Griffin suggested changing the name of what was to be called the Public Television Act, and last-minute changes were subsequently made to the bill (with references incorporating radio into the bill being re-added with Scotch Tape) before the law was passed by Congress and signed by Johnson.[14][15]. PBS provides its member stations with programming in cultural, educational, and scientific areas, in children's fare, and in news and public affairs but does not itself produce programs; the programs are produced by the member stations, independent producers, and other program producers worldwide. Of the 354 PBS members currently operating as of 2017[update] (which account for 97% of the 365 public television stations in the U.S.), roughly half belong to one of 40 state or regional networks, which carry programming fed by a parent station to a network of satellite transmitters throughout the entirety or a sub-region of an individual state; this model is also used by some public radio station groups (mainly those co-owned with a PBS member network). Efficient markets limit competition. How the FCC Adopts Rules. They require all stations that employ five or more full-time employees (defined as those regularly working 30 hours a week or more) to: Each licensee with five or more full-time employees must maintain records of its recruitment efforts and create and place in its public file (https://publicfiles.fcc.gov) an annual public file report listing specified information about its recruitment efforts. Stations must air identification announcements when they sign on and off for the day. Journalize the entries to record the following: For additional information about the underwriting rules, see https://www.fcc.gov/eb/broadcast/enhund and https://www.fcc.gov/media/radio/nature-of-educational-broadcasting. Not until State v. The Childrens Television Act of 1990 (CTA) imposes two requirements on television broadcasters relating to children's video programming: Commercial Limits. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). You can submit a protest against a stations license renewal application. As required by the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, the FCC has adopted rules to require some, but not all, television programs to include audio description. Entities that distribute television programs directly to home viewers, including broadcast stations, must comply with these rules. Surveys found that listeners in the 1930s spent an average of more than four hours a day listening to radio broadcasts. Unlike the mandatory digital transition deadline for television stations, radio stations can continue to operate in analog and have discretion whether also to transmit in digital and, if so, when to begin operating digitally. IntroductionThe FCC And Its Regulatory Authority Digital Television Distributors and providers must enable the rendering or pass through of all required captions to the end user. The Montgomery bus boycott began after ______ refused to give up her seat for a white man. Silhouette images from motion picture films were broadcast to the general public on a regular basis, at a resolution of just 48 lines. the National Public Radio (NPR) Privately owned media companies in the United States earn most of their revenue from Except as required by the Communications Act, including the use of stations by candidates for public office, licensees have no obligation to allow any particular person or group to participate in a broadcast or to present that person or groups remarks. However, some programming, such as news and sporting events, and unedited movies aired on premium cable channels, are not rated. [4], Arts advocates and media observers opposed to defunding the CPB argue that PBS provides educational and arts programming that have limited availability on American television, even as the advents of cable television and online streaming have led to the development of similar content, including to viewers in rural areas where educational funding is even lower than that of urbanized areas and do not have access to arts education. Instructions for filing informal objections can be found at https://www.fcc.gov/consumers/guides/filing-informal-complaint. Critical details could include, among other things, specific information regarding the areas that will be affected by the emergency, evacuation orders, detailed descriptions of areas to be evacuated, specific evacuation routes, approved shelters or te way to take shelter in ones home, instructions on how to secure personal property, road closures, and how to obtain relief assistance. In terms of combatting racism, the NAACP had the most success with? To assist us in this evaluative process, a station licensee must file a renewal application (FCC Form 303-S), to tell us whether: Digital Television. For the reasons noted previously, the Commission generally will not intervene in these cases because it would be inconsistent with the First Amendment to replace the journalistic judgment of licensees with our own. In general, we also do not regulate information provided over the Internet, nor do we intervene in private disputes involving broadcast stations or their licensees. Blanketing interference is a less common occurrence with television stations than with radio stations due to the location and height of TV transmitting antennas. Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly? Certain digital devices must make built-in functions that are used to receive, play back, or display programs accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. Profane Material. Subliminal ProgrammingBlanketing Interference Additional information on the closed captioning requirements can be found on the FCCs website at https://www.fcc.gov/general/closed-captioning-video-programming-television. However, federal law prohibits fraud by wire, radio or television including situations in which money solicited for one purpose is used for another and doing so may lead to FCC sanctions, as well as to criminal prosecution by the U.S. Department of Justice. To implement the CTAs educational and informational programming mandate, the Commission has adopted a core programming processing guideline that applies to commercial and noncommercial educational television licensees. FCC Authorizations However, NCE stations cannot broadcast commercials or other promotional announcements on behalf of for-profit entities. The number of member organizations flagship educational and community organizations that operate at least one station stood at 254, down 4% from the previous year. (All FCC Public Notices are included in the Commissions Daily Digest and are posted at https://www.fcc.gov/proceedings-actions/daily-digest.) However, if you are offended by a stations programming, we urge you to make your concerns known in writing to the station licensee. (This includes listeners of NPR programming as well as original or other syndicated content aired on these stations.). We urge you to make use of the resources contained on this site, which may outline more recent developments in the law not discussed in the current version of this Manual. A complaint can also be filed with the FCCs Consumer Call Center at 1-888-CALL-FCC (1-888-225-5322, voice) or 1-888-TELL-FCC (1-888-835-5322, TTY). Broadcasting obscene content is prohibited by law at all times of the day. Stations that filed Form 397 during their current license terms should keep the form in their public file until grant of their next license renewal application.). All Class A television stations began operating digitally in 2015. Although, for the reasons discussed earlier, the Commission is generally prohibited from regulating broadcast content, the courts have held that the FCCs regulation of obscene and indecent programming is constitutional because of societys interest in protecting children from potentially harmful programming and supporting parents ability to determine the programming their children will be exposed to at home. Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars. cornell application graduate; conflict of nations: world war 3 unblocked; stone's throw farm shelbyville, ky; words to describe a supermodel; navy board schedule fy22 The Commission has applied the host selling policy to the display of Internet website addresses as follows. Obscene Material. 9050 Junction Drive This requirement is grounded in the principle that members of the public should know who is trying to persuade them with the programming being aired. Information on Third-Party Fundraising by NCE stations Comments or Complaints About a Station False or Misleading Advertising Alternatively, you can also file an informal objection, which has fewer procedural requirements, often takes the form of a simple letter, and will be considered if received at any time before we either grant or deny the application. Depending on the nature of the advertisement, you should contact these agencies regarding advertisements that you believe may be false or misleading. Washington, D.C. 20554 This policy does not apply to: 1) third-party sites linked from the companys web pages; 2) on-air third-party advertisements with website references to third-party websites; or 3) pages that are primarily devoted to multiple characters from multiple programs. Letters to station and network officials keep them informed about audience needs and interests, as well as on public opinion on specific material and practices. (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico and Brazil). Complaints about interference involving radio stations are handled by the Media Bureaus Audio Division. Because digital radio technology allows a radio station to transmit simultaneously in both analog and digital, listeners can use their current radios to receive the analog signals of radio stations that transmit both analog and digital signals. This will help those involved in the selection of advertising material to become better informed about audience opinion. In light of the First Amendment and Section 326 of the Communications Act, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the licensee, nor do we advise stations on artistic standards, format, grammar, or the quality of their programming. The Commission recognizes that, under our Constitution, people must be free to say things that the majority may abhor, not only what most people may find tolerable or congenial. contract clauses added by the seller of a home that required the buyer to agree never to sell the home to any non-Caucasian. Which of the following news sources reaches the MOST Americans? The local stations then contract with program distributors and also provide some programming themselves. The FCC has stated that rigging or slanting the news is a most heinous act against the public interest. The Commission will investigate a station for news distortion if it receives documented evidence of rigging or slanting, such as testimony or other documentation, from individuals with direct personal knowledge that a licensee or its management engaged in the intentional falsification of the news. In international affairs, conservation has come to mean support for military intervention and the maintenance of American military power. If the emergency information is provided in the video portion of a regularly scheduled newscast or a newscast that interrupts regular programming, it must be made accessible through an aural description of the emergency information. Support for freedom of speech, a free internet, and the press is higher in the United States than in most other countries in the world. Which of the following is an example of a public broadcasting organization Public Broadcasting in the United States accounts for a much smaller share of the media market than in other Western democracies, such as France, Germany, and Denmark. A full range of enforcement actions is available for EEO violations, including imposing reporting conditions, forfeitures, short -term license renewal, and license revocation. Licensee Discretion Ownership Reports and Related Material As with renewal applications, you can also file an informal objection to these types of applications, or any other application, at any time before we either grant or deny the application. Shared Services Agreements Jazz is another traditional, but declining, public radio programming staple. This procedure is discussed earlier in this Manual. Station Conducted Contests [19] PBS would later acquire Educational Television Stations, an organization founded by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), in 1973.[20][21][22]. Additionally, certain navigation devices must make on-screen text menus and guides used for the display or selection of video programming audibly accessible to people who are blind or visually impaired. The Commission sometimes receives complaints regarding the alleged use of subliminal perception techniques in broadcast programming. You may also want to consider reviewing our rules or contacting an attorney. Commercial Limits No more than 5 members of the Board appointed by the President may be members of the same political party. When filing these types of applications, the applicant is required to publish a series of notices, generally in a local newspaper, containing information similar to that noted above regarding renewal applications. They also decide how their programs will be structured and whether to edit or reschedule material for broadcasting. In 2020, contributions from individuals comprised 24% of total nonpublic funding. In classical political theory, a liberal was closest to what we refer to as today an expansion in governmental social services. On the television side, PBS NewsHour produces an evening newscast that airs on local PBS stations around the country. You can also participate in the application process by filing a petition to deny when someone applies for a new station, when a station is being sold (technically called an assignment of the licensee), when its licensee is undergoing a major transfer of stock or other ownership or control (technically called a transfer of control), or the station proposes major facility changes. The report contains a listing of the programming the station aired that the licensee believes provided significant treatment of issues facing the community.